Greek temples (Ancient Greek: ναός, romanized: naós, lit. [63] The columns had between 40 and 48 flutings, some of them cut to alternate between a wider and a narrower fluting. The pronaos was linked to the naos by a door. For example, innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before, leading to some very deep peristaseis and broad naoi. Once inside the naos it was possible to pray to or before the cult image, and sometimes to touch it; Cicero saw a bronze image of Heracles with its foot largely worn away by the touch of devotees. They could depict bowls and tripods, griffins, sphinxes, and especially mythical figures and deities. But in spite of such examples and of the positive conditions produced by the economic upturn and the high degree of technical innovation in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE,[11] Hellenistic religious architecture is mostly represented by a multitude of small temples in antis and prostyle temples, as well as tiny shrines (naiskoi). to reverse the system described above and deduce the smaller units from the bigger ones. With a substructure of 55 × 115 m, the Artemision outscaled all precedents. To support the superstructure, two columns were placed between the antae (distyle in antis). In other regards, the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek peripteroi by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail. Un temple grec se divise en deux parties : le sékos, la partie fermée, entourée de parois ; et le péristyle, la partie ouverte, délimitée par une colonnade. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. After the mid-6th century BCE, the compositional scheme changes: animal scenes are now placed in the corners, soon they disappear entirely. the dentil of the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the cornice protrudes notably. There, the architrave was directly followed by the dentils. This is a major difference from Roman temples which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally. Study of the soils around temple sites, is evidence that temple sites were chosen with regard to particular deities: for example, amid arable soils for the agricultural deities Dionysos and Demeter, and near rocky soils for the hunter gatherer deities Apollo and Artemis. Above it lay the dentil, the Ionic geison and the sima. This produces an unobstructed surrounding portico, the peristasis, on all four sides of the temple. The most consistent use of these principles is seen in the Classical Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. J.C.. Il se divisait en plusieurs dialectes. The ancient architects had realised that long horizontal lines tend to make the optical impression of sagging towards their centre. Volute capitals have not been found associated with these, but their marble entablatures belonged to the Ionic order.[61]. The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, since the sacrifices and rituals dedicated to the respective deity took place outside them, within the wider precinct of the sanctuary, which might be large. The Heraion of Olympia[43] (c. 600 BCE) exemplifies the transition from wood to stone construction. A multitude of different ground plans were developed, each of which could be combined with the superstructure in the different orders. [83] Its architectural members are entirely in keeping with the Asian/Ionic canon. the temples at Paestum, Akragas or Segesta,[39] but the Hephaisteion and the Parthenon of Athens also influenced scholarship and Neoclassical architecture from an early point onward. For example, the Athenian Parthenon, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD. The somewhat controversial practice of anastylosis, or re-erecting fallen materials, has sometimes been used. In contrast, the term peripteros or peripteral designates a temple surrounded by ptera (colonnades) on all four sides, each usually formed by a single row of columns. Buildings housing cult statues in Greek sanctuaries, Introduction of stone architecture: Archaic and Classical, Decline of Greek temple building: Hellenistic period, End of Greek temple construction: Roman Greece, Abandonment and conversion of temples: Late Antiquity, Temples of the different architectural orders, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra (early 6th century BCE), Late Classical and Hellenistic: changing proportions, Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens, Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples, influence, Regarding Roman period and financing, using the province of Asia as an example, see, The same basic proportion occurs, less purely, in the. Not one block of the building, not a single architrave or frieze element could be hewn as a simple rectilinear block. [71] The arrangement of the pseudodipteros, omitting the interior row of columns while maintaining a peristasis with the width of two column distances, produces a massively broadened portico, comparable to the contemporaneous hall architecture. While Doric columns stand directly on the stylobate, Ionic and Corinthian ones possess a base, sometimes additionally placed atop a plinth. In some cases, the adyton was a free-standing structure within the naos, e.g. Il a été construit sur l'ordre de Périclès et achevé pendant la guerre du Péloponnèse en 406 av. If possible, columns inside the naos were avoided, allowing for open roof constructions of up to 13 m width. It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. La partie fermée du temple comporte en son cœur le naos (dont le nom latin est cella), qui abrite la statue de la divinité. Near the end of the 7th century BCE, the dimensions of these simple structures were increased considerably. This emphasised basis had to be balanced out be a heightened entablature, producing not only a visual contrast to, but also a major weight upon the slender columns. Ruins of a provincial Ionic temple with a design very similar to those in the main Greek world survives at Jandial in modern Pakistan. Not far away, Segesta has a single Doric temple whose main structure is largely intact. From this British antiquaries extracted the Bassae Frieze in 1812, which was soon in the British Museum. doriques les mieux conservés. A very few actual originals survive, for example the bronze Piraeus Athena (2.35 metres high, including a helmet). [36], Building contracts were advertised after a popular or elected assembly had passed the relevant motion. The Greeks used a limited number of spatial components, influencing the plan, and of architectural members, determining the elevation. Some famous temples, notably the Parthenon, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, and the Temple of Asclepius, Epidaurus, had much of the naos floor occupied by a very shallow pool filled with water (Parthenon) or olive oil at Olympia. Au-dessus encore se trouvent le fronton et le toit de l'édifice. on a mausoleum of at modern-day Belevi (near Ephesos), it appears to have found increasing popularity in the last half of the 3rd century BCE. Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides. The building was entirely of marble. Homer A. Thompson & Richard E. Wycherley : "The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India" Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press, 2013, p.327, "The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans", John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1 janv. In a Doric triglyph frieze, blue triglyphs alternated with red metopes, the latter often serving as a background for individually painted sculptures. 64 relations: Acrotère, Adyton, Amphiprostyle, Apollon, Archéoastronomie, Architecture néo-classique, Architrave, Athènes, Athéna, Érétrie, Cella (temple … [15] Nevertheless, some temples were erected at this time, e.g. Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature, as was the positioning of the columns within the naos, corresponding with those on the outside, a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at Bassae 150 years later.[44]. Over the decades and centuries, numerous votive offerings could be placed in the naos, giving it a museum-like character (Pausanias 5, 17). [55] Both temples had fronts of nine columns. Avec un nombre pair de colonnes, le centre de la façade correspond à un vide (entrecolonnement), ce qui permet à … Qualificatifs « savants » : temple périptère [péri = autour) en général hexastyle [6 colonnes (= stulos en grec) sur les petits côtés ; 4 colonnes = tétrastyle ; 8 colonnes = octostyle]. These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture. Complex compositions visualised the back and forth of fighting for the viewer. Les colonnes supportent une architrave, elle-même surmontée d'une frise où alternent des panneaux décorés, les métopes, et des ornements appelés triglyphes. There are many where the platforms are reasonably complete, and some round drum elements of the columns, which were harder for later builders to re-use. Les parties du temple offrant le plus de possibilités d'ornementation sculptée étaient le fronton, les métopes, la frise qui courait au-dessous de l'architrave, ainsi que la frise qui courait au sommet des murs du sékos et qui n'était visible que pour le spectateur placé sous la colonnade extérieure (c'est par exemple à cet endroit que se trouvait à l'origine la frise du Parthénon). especially the frieze areas offered space for reliefs and relief slabs; the pedimental triangles often contained scenes of free-standing sculpture. When equipped with an opisthodomos with a similar distyle in antis design, this is called a double anta temple. Only after a long phase of developments did the architects choose the alignment of the outer wall face with the adjacent column axis as the obligatory principle for Doric temples. Instead of longer antae, there are prostyle colonnades inside the peristasis on the front and back, reflecting Ionic habits. The grid of the temple of Magnesia was based on a 12-by-12-foot (3.7 m × 3.7 m) square. New temples now belonged to the tradition of the Roman temple, which, in spite of the very strong Greek influence on it, aimed for different goals and followed different aesthetic principles (for a comparison, see the other article). The most common area for relief decoration remained the frieze, either as a typical Doric triglyph frieze, with sculpted metopes, or as a continuous frieze on Cycladic and later on Eastern Ionic temples. J.-C. qui voit l'émergence de l'ordre dorique et ionique. All these had chryselephantine images, and Pausanias was perhaps correct to link the Parthenon one with the maintenance of the proper humidity, but they probably increased the light, and perhaps gave it attractive effects of reflections. Les temples, qui constituaient les lieux de culte les plus élaborés du polythéisme grec, ont donné lieu à des chefs-d'œuvre architecturaux comme le Parthénon. Le temple d'Apollo Epicure a été érigé dans un lieu appelé Bassæ (grec ancien, Βάσσαι; grec moderne Βάσσες, qui signifie "les ravins"), sur le mont Cotilo, situé à huit kilomètres au nord-ouest de la ville péloponnèse de Figalia, dans l'ancien Arcadia et à sept kilomètres … The capitals support the entablature. Stylistically, they were governed by the regionally specific architectural orders. In the light of this mutual influence it is not surprising that in the late 4th century BCE temple of Zeus at Nemea, the front is emphasised by a pronaos two intercolumniations deep, while the opisthodomos is suppressed. The crepidoma, columns, and architrave were mostly white. In the Doric order, the capital consists of a circular torus bulge, originally very flat, the so-called echinus, and a square slab, the abacus. [52] Frontality is a key feature of Ionic temples. J.-C.. The central composition is now taken over by mythological fights or by rows of human figures. The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. An innovative Ionic temple was that of Asklepios in Epidaurus, one of the first of the pseudoperipteros type. On pense que le temple a initialement été construit avec du bois qui a ensuite été remplacé par de la pierre. The main measurement was the foot, varying between 29 and 34 cm from region to region. The resulting set of colonnade surrounding the temple on all sides (the peristasis) was exclusively used for temples in Greek architecture.[8]. ος, mêtrôos (« maternel »). Considering that a worker was paid about two drachmas, that equals nearly 2 million euro (on a modern west European wage scale). Temple grec. Hellenistic monarchs could appear as private donors in cities outside their immediate sphere of influence and sponsor public buildings, as exemplified by Antiochos IV, who ordered the rebuilding of the Olympieion at Athens. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. The Mycenaean megaron (15th to the 13th century BCE) was the precursor for later Archaic and Classical Greek temples, but during the Greek Dark Age the buildings became smaller and less monumental.