[63] During the following decades, the population decreased in a result of partitions.[63]. In 1362, regiments of the Grand Duchy army defeated the Golden Horde at the Battle at Blue Waters. Grand-duché de Lituanie (French Edition) [10], The reign of Vytautas the Great, son of Kęstutis, marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. Voruta, 2005. Le Grand-Duché de Lituanie était l’un des plus grands pays d’Europe au XIV – XV ème siècle. [42] Nobles who migrated from one place to another would adapt to a new locality and adopt the local religion and culture and those Lithuanian noble families that moved to Slavic areas often took up the local culture quickly over subsequent generations. The war of Lithuania against military Orders, which lasted for more than 200 years, and was one of the longest wars in the history of Europe, was finally ended. [11] Lithuanian noblemen, including the Radvila family, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. J. Kiaupienë, "Valdžios krizës pabaiga ir Kazimieras Jogailaitis." The state was founded by Lithuanians, who were at the time a polytheistic nation born from several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija and by Principality of Polotsk. The state was founded by Lithuanians, which was at the time a polytheistic nation born from several united Baltic tribes from Aukštaitija. He hoped to unite all Baltic tribes under the Lithuanian leadership. Following the Galicia–Volhynia Wars which divided Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, in 1355 the Halych metropoly was liquidated and its eparchies transferred to the metropoles of Lithuania and Volhynia. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, and further galvanized the formation of the Lithuanian state. [26] The state lapsed into years of internal fighting. Vytautas was the son of Kęstutis, uncle of Jogaila, who became King of Poland in 1386, and he was the grandfather of Vasili II of Moscow. Under his rule, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania slowly became more centralized, as the governours loyal to Vytautas replaced local princes with dynastic ties to the throne. Les neuf dixièmes de sa population étaient les ancêtres des Russes, des Biélorusses et des Ukrainiens modernes. Public Chatrooms . In the 16th century at the time of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Lithuanian lands became partially polonized over time and started to use the Polish language for writing much more often than the Lithuanian and Ruthenian languages. [56] The same requirement was valid for the Magistrate of Kaunas. Royaume de Pologne / Grand-Duché de Lituanie - Sigismond III - 3 Groschen 1598 Type : 3 Gros Pays / Country : Royaume de Pologne / Grand-Duché de Lituanie Personnage / Figure : Sigismond III Date : 1598 Métal : Argent / Silver Poids / Weight : 2.1 g Diamètre : 20 mm Etat / Grade (US) : TB / F Gradually this network developed into the main defensive line against the Teutonic Order. Despite that, Polish language editions stated the same in Polish language. Kelios mintys, kurios kyla skaitant Alfredo Bumblausko Senosios Lietuvos istoriją 1009-1795m. Samogitia was exclusive through state in its economic situation – it lay near sea ports and there were fewer people under corvee, instead of that, many simple people were money payers. Elektroninės leidybos namai: Vilnius. While there were certainly substantial regional differences in Kievan Rus', it was the Lithuanian annexation of much of southern and western Ruthenia that led to the permanent division between Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians. [52] The use of Ruthenian by academics in areas formerly part of Rus' and even in Lithuania proper was widespread. By about 1355, the State of Moldavia had formed, and the Golden Horde did little to re-vassalize the area. (2003). À son apogée il s'étendra de la mer Baltique jusqu'à la mer Noire. Augustinus Rotundus translated the Second Statute into Latin. The subjugation of Eastern Slavs by two powers created substantial differences between them that persist to this day. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1253–1795, Grand Duchy of Lithuania administrative map, Zenonas Norkus. Gediminaičiai ir Jogailaičiai prie Vytauto palikimo. One of the main reasons for translations into Latin were that Ruthenian had no well defined and codified law concepts and definitions, which caused many disputes in courts. [30] Lithuanian control resulted from internal frictions within the city, which attempted to escape submission to Muscovy. Following the royal court, there was a tendency to replace Lithuanian with Polish in the ethnic Lithuanian areas, whereas Ruthenian was stronger in ethnic Belarusian and Ukrainian territories. [citation needed], Administrative structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1564). Lithuania. Petit arrachement de métal à l'avers et petite fente sinon VF Coins and Coin Collecting MA-Shops warranty with certified dealers Coins, medals and banknotes from ancient to modern. At one point, though, Pope Alexander VI reprimanded the Grand Duke for keeping non-Catholics as advisers. Under the 1522 peace treaty, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania made large territorial concessions. (2003). Сьцяг Сьвятога Юрыя.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania&oldid=418074178, Lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, States and territories established in 1236, States and territories disestablished in 1795, Uses of Wikidata Infobox providing interwiki links, Uses of Wikidata Infobox with no coordinate, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1236 (statement with Gregorian date earlier than 1584). Be the first. The "buffer zone" composed of other Baltic tribes had disappeared, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was left to battle the Orders on its own. Glinsky was born in Turov. Organizer. Grand-duché de Lituanie Lietuvos Didžioji kunigaikštystė (lituanien) Lituanie (Grand-duché) Velikoe knâzestvo litovskoe (russe) Wielkie Ksie̜stwo Litewskie (polonais) La période : 1230-1795: Notices thématiques en relation (4 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) Hello Select your address Books Hello, Sign in. Grand Duchy of Lithuania (historical) A former European state from the 13th century until 1795, encompassing the territory of modern-day Lithuania and Belarus, a large part of Ukraine, and small parts of Russia and Poland In the struggle against the Order, Vytenis allied with citizens of Riga; securing positions in Riga strengthened trade routes and provided a base for further military campaigns. Besides devastation, Ruthenian population declined proportionally after the territorial losses to Russian Empire. 1569 : l’association se transforme en incorporation définitive de l’Etat balte à la monarchie polonaise avec l’Union de Lublin. Protestantisme. Although they had battled in the past, the Lithuanians and the Žemaičiai now faced a common enemy. There is Sigismund von Herberstein's note left, that there were in an ocean of Ruthenian language in this part of Europe two non-Ruthenian regions: Lithuania and Samogitia. stemming. Grand-duché de Lituanie превод на речника френски български на Glosbe, онлайн речник, безплатно. Add tags for "La Réforme dans le Grand-Duché de Lithuanie facteur d'occidentalisation culturelle". Another reason to use Latin was a popular idea that Lithuanians were descendants of Romans – mythical house of Palemonids. Zigmas Zinkevičius. After the Kościuszko Uprising, the territory was completely partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria in 1795. [43][44][46], The Court used Ruthenian to correspond with Eastern countries while Latin and German were used in foreign affairs with Western countries. By this time, Lithuania had conquered the territory of the Golden Horde all the way to the Dnieper River. Amazon.in - Buy Cathédrale de Vilnius: Église catholique romaine, Saint Casimir, Grand-duché de Lituanie, Švitrigaila book online at best prices in India on Amazon.in. Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. During the period of the Union, many of the territories formerly controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, while the gradual process of Polonization slowly drew Lithuania itself under Polish domination. [37], After the baptism in 1252 and coronation of King Mindaugas in 1253, Lithuania was recognized as a Christian state until 1260, when Mindaugas supported an uprising in Courland and (according to the German order) renounced Christianity. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. [...] не обчымъ яким языкомъ, але своимъ властнымъ права списаные маемъ [...]; Dubonis, A. partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Demographic history of Poland § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1588), "Ukraine: History: Lithuanian and Polish rule", "Union of Lublin: Poland-Lithuania [1569]", "Procesy integracyjne i dezintegracyjne na ziemiach litewskich w toku dziejów", "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės administracinis teritorinis suskirstymas", "Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės kanceliarinės slavų kalbos termino nusakymo problema", "Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy from the 15th century until 1939", "Lietuvių kalba: poreikis ir vartojimo mastai (XV a. antra pusė – XVI a. antra pusė)", "Chartularium Lithuaniae res gestas magni ducis Gedeminne illustrans / tekstus, vertimus bei komentarus parengė S.C. Rowell. [43] In the other parts of the duchy, the majority of the population, including Ruthenian nobles and ordinary people, used both spoken and written Ruthenian languages. Read the rest of this entry. Name of Lithuania (Litua) was first mentioned in 1009 in Annals of Quedlinburg. [citation needed] Such were the linguistic trends in the Grand Duchy that by the political reforms of 1564–1566 parliaments local land courts, appellate courts and other State functions were recorded in Polish,[52] and Polish became increasingly spoken across all social classes. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, reports that by the mid-1230s, Mindaugas had acquired supreme power in the whole of Lithuania. Le Grand-duché de Lituanie n'était lituanien que par son nom. POPULATION . The following 29 files are in this category, out of 29 total. [46] By 1697, Polish had largely replaced Ruthenian as the "official" language at Court,[43][47][50] although Ruthenian continued to be used on a few official documents until the second half of the 18th century. [70][71] This feeling was expressed in poetry by Czesław Miłosz. Translate Grand-duché de Lituanie from French to Language.la using Glosbe automatic translator that uses newest achievements in neural networks. Recibió el título de Duque en 1700. [52], Since the founding of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the higher strata of Lithuanian society from ethnic Lithuania spoke Lithuanian, although since the later 16th century gradually began using Polish, and from Ruthenia – Ruthenian language. By 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in the territory of 320 thousand km2, the biggest part of whom were inhabitants of Ruthenia and about 1.39 million or 29% – of ethnic Lithuania. From the time of Vytautas, there are fewer remaining documents written in Ruthenian than there are in Latin and German, but later Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writings, especially in eastern and southern parts of the Duchy. [47][49] During the latter part of the history of the Grand Duchy, Polish was increasingly used in State documents, especially after the Union of Lublin. [59][60], — From the 1338 Peace and Trade Agreement, concluded in Vilnius, between the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas and his sons and the Master of the Livonian Order Everhard von Monheim, establishing a peace zone, which clearly distinguishes the Lithuanians and the Rus' people [ Ruthenians ], and Lithuania from Rus' [ Ruthenia ]. The battle was part of a long series of Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars conducted by Russian rulers striving to gather all the former lands of Kievan Rus' under their rule. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the. Gediminas also re-established the permanent capital of the Grand Duchy in Vilnius,[citation needed] presumably moving it from Old Trakai in 1323. The fighting between Prussians and the Teutonic Knights gave the more distant Lithuanian tribes time to unite. [7] It was a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional state, with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage. [citation needed], The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to hold off Mongol incursions and eventually secured gains. [citation needed], The expansion of the state reached its height under Grand Duke Gediminas, who created a strong central government and established an empire that later spread from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. [27] The Orders could now turn their full attention to Lithuania. Le grand-duché de Lituanie commença son expansion sous le règne du grand-duc Mindaugas (ou Mindoŭh en Biélorusse) qui débuta en 1238.Mindaugas a été baptisé en 1252 puis couronné roi de Lituanie en 1253 (en 1260, il quitta la chrétienté). Le grand-duché de Lituanie est fondé dans la deuxième moitié du XII e siècle. 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[51], From the beginning of the 16th century, and especially after a rebellion led by Michael Glinski in 1508, there were attempts by the Court to replace the usage of Ruthenian with Latin. The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century. Court Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Lew Sapieha noted in the preface of the Third Statute of Lithuania (1588) that all state documents to be written exclusively in Ruthenian. [45], Usage of the Lithuanian language still continued at Court after the death of Vytautas and Jogaila while Grand Duke Alexander I could understand and speak Lithuanian. Grand-duché de Lituanie (1236-1569) Titre : grand-duc (lituanien : didysis kunigaikštis ; biélorusse : vialiki kniaź ; polonais : wielki książę), excepté pour Mindaugas, qui devient roi de Lituanie (lituanien : Lietuvos karalius). On the other hand, such a fact is not unprecedented in world history. Vytenis was involved in succession disputes in Poland, supporting Boleslaus II of Masovia, who was married to a Lithuanian duchess, Gaudemunda. [13] The federation was terminated by the passing of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, when it was supposed to become a single country, the Commonwealth of Poland, under one monarch, one parliament and no Lithuanian autonomy. Free delivery on qualified orders. In 1321, Gediminas captured Kiev, sending Stanislav, the last Rurikid to rule Kiev, into exile. By contemporary accounts, the Lithuanians called their early rulers. Pagan Lithuanians initially paid tribute to Polotsk, but they soon grew in strength and organized their own small-scale raids. Grands-Ducs (1236-1291) In a crusade against the Golden Horde in 1398 (in an alliance with Tokhtamysh), Lithuania invaded northern Crimea and won a decisive victory. Recent Posts. While almost every other state around it had been plundered or defeated by the Mongols, the hordes stopped at the modern borders of Belarus, and the core territory of the Grand Duchy was left mostly untouched. [citation needed], The rapid expansion of the influence of Muscovy soon put it into a comparable position as the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the annexation of Novgorod in 1478, Muscovy was among the preeminent states in northeastern Europe. Country facts. Drapeau rouge … The sources are preserved in works of graduates from Stanislovas Rapolionis based Lithuanian language school graduate Martynas Mažvydas and Rapalionis relative Abraomas Kulvietis. Sigismond III Auguste (1544-1572). According to Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for the information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated the 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander. This treaty lists 21 Lithuanian dukes, including five senior Lithuanian dukes from Aukštaitija (Živinbudas, Daujotas, Vilikaila, Dausprungas and Mindaugas) and several dukes from Žemaitija. [14] As time passed, the suffix -ava could have changed into -uva, as the two are from the same suffix branch. A. Dubonis , D. Antanavičius, R. Ragauskiene, R. Šmigelskytė-Štukienė. [44], Numerous languages were used in state documents depending on which period in history and for what purpose. Skip to main content.ca. The powerful coalition against Mindaugas included Vykintas, the Livonian Order, Daniel of Galicia and Vasilko of Volhynia. The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated Livonia from Prussia, the main target of both orders. [citation needed], Ruthenian and Polish languages were used as state languages of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, besides Latin and German in diplomatic correspondence. You may have already requested this item. Confirm this request. 1/2 gros Légères faiblesses de frappe sinon EF Coins and Coin Collecting MA-Shops warranty with certified dealers Coins, medals and banknotes from ancient to modern. In 1387, Moldavia became a vassal of Poland and, in a broader sense, of Lithuania. Such relationships could be tenuous, however, as changes in a city's internal politics could disrupt Lithuanian control, as happened on a number of occasions with Novgorod and other East-Slavic cities. Due to the work of the Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation the university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some older etymological theories relate the name to a small river not far from Kernavė, the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the would-be Grand Duchy of Lithuania, is usually credited as the source of the name. Eventually, the Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [citation needed], In Vilnius University there are preserved texts written in the Lithuanian language of the Vilnius area, in a dialect of Eastern Aukštaitian, spoken in a territory lying south-eastwards from Vilnius. [clarification needed] As a result, the stratification of the society was not as sharp as in other areas. [2], The Lithuanian Crusade began after the Livonian Order and Teutonic Knights, crusading military orders, were established in Riga in 1202 and in Prussia in 1226, respectively. [25] In 1236, the Samogitians, led by Vykintas, defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Saule. Soon after his arrival in Vilnius, Napoleon proclaimed the creation of a Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which, in turn, renewed the Polish-Lithuanian Union.